Consejos de Charles Baudelaire


Charles BaudelaireContinuamos con nuestra serie  ”Consejos de grandes escritores“. Hoy: Charles Baudelaire. El “poeta maldito” francés habla sobre la suerte en los comienzos para jóvenes escritores, sobre los salarios, los métodos de composición y, como si fuera poco, hasta aconseja sobre cómo debe ser la mujer de un escritor.

“Los preceptos que se van a leer son fruto de la experiencia; la experiencia implica una cierta suma de equivocaciones; y como cada cual las ha cometido –todas o poco menos-, espero que mi experiencia será verificada por la de cada cual.

+DE LA SUERTE Y DE LA MALA SUERTE EN LOS COMIENZOS

Los escritores jóvenes que hablando de un colega novel dicen con acento matizado de envidia: “¡Ha comenzado bien, ha tenido una suerte loca!”, no reflexionan que todo comienzo está siempre precedido y es el resultado de otros veinte comienzos que no se conocen.(…) Creo más bien que el éxito es, en una proporción aritmética o geométrica, según la fuerza del escritor, el resultado de éxitos anteriores, a menudo invisibles a simple vista. Hay una lenta agregación de éxitos moleculares; pero generaciones espontáneas y milagrosas jamás.

Los que dicen: “Yo tengo mala suerte”, son los que todavía no han tenido suficientes éxitos y lo ignoran. Libertad y fatalidad son dos contrarios; vistas de cerca y de lejos son una sola voluntad.

Y es por eso que no hay mala suerte. Si hay mala suerte, es que nos falta algo: ese algo hay que conocerlo y estudiar el juego de las voluntades vecinas para desplazar más fácilmente la circunferencia.

+DE LOS SALARIOS

Por hermosa que sea una casa es ante todo -y antes de que su belleza quede demostrada- tantos metros de frente por tantos de fondo. De igual modo la literatura, que es la materia más inapreciable, es ante todo una serie de columnas escritas; y el arquitecto literario, cuyo sólo nombre no es una probabilidad de beneficio, debe vender a cualquier precio.

Hay jóvenes que dicen: “Ya que esto vale tan poco, ¿para qué tomarse tanto trabajo?” Hubieran podido entregar trabajo del mejor; y en ese caso sólo hubieran sido estafados por la necesidad actual, por la ley de la naturaleza; pero se han estafado a sí mismos. Mal pagados, hubieran podido honrarse con ello; mal pagados, se han deshonrado.

Resumo todo lo que podría escribir sobre este asunto en esta máxima suprema, que entrego a la meditación de todos los filósofos, de todos los historiadores y de todos los hombres de negocios: “¡Sólo es con los buenos sentimientos con los que se llega a la fortuna!”

Los que dicen: “¡Para qué devanarse los sesos por tan poco!” son los mismos que más tarde quieren vender sus libros a doscientos francos el pliego, y rechazados, vuelven al día siguiente a ofrecerlo con cien francos de pérdida.

El hombre razonable es el que dice: “Yo creo que esto vale tanto, porque tengo genio; pero si hay que hacer algunas concesiones, las haré, para tener el honor de ser de los vuestros”.

+DE LAS SIMPATÍAS Y DE LAS ANTIPATÍAS

En amor como en literatura, las simpatías son involuntarias; no obstante, necesitan ser verificadas, y la razón tiene ulteriormente su parte.

Las verdaderas simpatías son excelentes, pues son dos en uno; las falsas son detestables, pues no hacen más que uno, menos la indiferencia primitiva, que vale más que el odio, consecuencia necesaria del engaño y de la desilusión.

Por eso yo admiro y admito la camaradería, siempre que esté fundada en relaciones esenciales de razón y de temperamento. Entonces es una de las santas manifestaciones de la naturaleza, una de las numerosas aplicaciones de ese proverbio sagrado: la unión hace la fuerza.

La misma ley de franqueza y de ingenuidad debe regir las antipatías. Sin embargo, hay gentes que se fabrican así odios como admiraciones, aturdidamente. Y esto es algo muy imprudente; es hacerse de un enemigo, sin beneficio ni provecho. Un golpe fallido no deja por eso de herir al menos en el corazón al rival a quien se le destinaba, sin contar que puede herir a derecha e izquierda a alguno de los testigos del combate.

Un día, durante una lección de esgrima, vino a molestarme un acreedor; yo lo perseguí por la escalera, a golpes de florete. Cuando volví, el maestro de armas, un gigante pacífico que me hubiera tirado al suelo de un soplido, me dijo: “¡Cómo prodiga usted su antipatía! ¡Un poeta! ¡Un filósofo! ¡Ah, que no se diga!”

Yo había perdido el tiempo de dos asaltos, estaba sofocado, avergonzado y despreciado por un hombre más, el acreedor, a quien no había podido hacer gran cosa.

En efecto, el odio es un licor precioso, un veneno más caro que el de los Borgia, pues está hecho con nuestra sangre, nuestra salud, nuestro sueño ¡y los dos tercios de nuestro amor! ¡Hay que guardarlo avaramente!

+DEL VAPULEO

El vapuleo no debe practicarse más que contra los secuaces del error. Si somos fuertes, nos perdemos atacando a un hombre fuerte; aunque disintamos en algunos puntos, él será siempre de los nuestros en ciertas ocasiones.

Hay dos métodos de vapuleo: en línea curva y en línea recta, que es el camino más corto. (…) La línea curva divierte a la galería, pero no la instruye. La línea recta… consiste en decir: “El señor X… es un hombre deshonesto y además un imbécil; cosa que voy a probar” -¡y a probarla!-; primero…, segundo…, tercero…etc. Recomiendo este método a quienes tengan fe en la razón y buenos puños.

Un vapuleo fallido es un accidente deplorable, es una flecha que vuelve al punto de partida, o al menos, que nos desgarra la mano al partir; una bala cuyo rebote puede matarnos.

+DE LOS MÉTODOS DE COMPOSICIÓN

Hoy por hoy hay que producir mucho, de modo que hay que andar de prisa; de modo que hay que apresurarse lentamente; pues es menester que todos los golpes lleguen y que ni un solo toque sea inútil.

Para escribir rápido, hay que haber pensado mucho; haber llevado consigo un tema en el paseo, en el baño, en el restaurante, y casi en casa de la querida. (…)

Cubrir una tela no es cargarla de colores, es esbozar de modo liviano, disponer las masas en tono ligero y transparentes. La tela debe estar cubierta -en espíritu- en el momento en que el escritor toma la pluma para escribir el título.

Se dice que Balzac ennegrece sus manuscritos y sus pruebas de manera fantástica y desordenada. Una novela pasa entonces por una serie de génesis, en los que se dispersa, no sólo la unidad de la frase, sino también la de la obra. Sin duda es este mal método el que da a menudo a su estilo ese no se qué de difuso, de atropellado y de embrollado, que es el único defecto de ese gran historiador.

+DEL TRABAJO DIARIO Y DE LA INSPIRACIÓN

Una alimentación muy sustanciosa, pero regular, es la única cosa necesaria para los escritores fecundos. Decididamente, la inspiración es hermana del trabajo cotidiano. Estos dos contrarios no se excluyen en absoluto, como todos los contrarios que constituyen la naturaleza. La inspiración obedece, como el hombre, como la digestión, como el sueño. (…) Si se consiente en vivir en una contemplación tenaz de la obra futura, el trabajo diario servirá a la inspiración, como una escritura legible sirve para aclarar el pensamiento, y como el pensamiento calmo y poderoso sirve para escribir legiblemente, pues ya pasó el tiempo de la mala letra.

+DE LA POESÍA

En cuanto a los que se entregan o se han entregado con éxito a la poesía, yo les aconsejo que no la abandonen jamás. La poesía es una de las artes que más reportan; pero es una especie de colocación cuyos intereses sólo se cobran tarde; en compensación, muy crecidos.

Desafío a los envidiosos a que me citen buenos versos que hayan arruinado a un editor.

(…) ¿Por lo demás, qué tiene de sorprendente, puesto que todo hombre sano puede pasarse dos días sin comer, pero nunca sin poesía? El arte que satisface la necesidad más imperiosa será siempre el más honrado.

+DE LOS ACREEDORES

(…) Que el desorden haya acompañado a veces al genio, lo único que prueba es que el genio es terriblemente fuerte; por desgracia, para muchos jóvenes, ese título expresaba no un accidente, sino una necesidad.

Yo dudo mucho que Goethe haya tenido acreedores (…). No tengan acreedores jamás; a lo sumo, hagan como si los tuvieran, que es todo lo que puedo permitirles.

+DE LAS QUERIDAS

Si quiero acatar la ley de los contrastes, que gobierna el orden moral y el orden físico, me veo obligado a ubicar entre las mujeres peligrosas para los hombres de letras, a la mujer honesta, a la literata y a la actriz; la mujer honesta, porque pertenece necesariamente a dos hombres y es un mediocre pábulo para el alma despótica de un poeta; la literata, porque es un hombre fallido; la actriz, porque está barnizada de literatura y habla en “argot”; en fin, porque no es una mujer en toda la acepción de la palabra, ya que el público le resulta algo más preciosos que el amor.

(…) Porque todos los verdaderos literatos sienten horror por la literatura en determinados momentos, por eso, yo no admito para ellos -almas libres y orgullosas, espíritus fatigados que siempre necesitan reposar al séptimo día-, más que dos clases posibles de mujeres: las bobas o las mujerzuelas, la olla casera o el amor.

-Hermanos, ¿hay necesidad de exponer las razones?”

Charles Baudelaire, 15 de abril de 1846

Publicado en: dreamers.com/manuscritos/docs/manuales/manual033.htm


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